Increasing Popularity Surrounding Timber Frame Construction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3819 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report will look at the increasing popularity surrounding timber frame construction in the construction industry. It will look at why this trend is continuing across the UK and how this form of construction can be applied to various building types. Timber frame construction is most notably used in parts of the world such as USA, Canada and Australia but it is being used more frequently throughout the UK in more recent times as well. Year on year the market share for timber frame construction has increased. Scotland is leading the way in this field by using timber frame construction much more than their neighbours. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Increasing Popularity Surrounding Timber Frame Construction" essay for you Create order The timber sourced for this type of construction can readily be found in Scotland and this may go some way to explaining why it is indeed so popular in Scotland. 1.1 FACTS AND FIGURES; For the tenth consecutive year; the market share for timber frame construction has increased, 25% of all new houses in the UK are timber frame, As previously stated, Scotland is the most popular country for timber frame construction in the UK but even considering this; 75% of all new houses in Scotland are timber frame and that percentage continues to rise. Also, even during a recession when the construction industry has possibly been hit as hard as any other industry; timber frame construction only dropped by 26% while other construction methods dropped almost 38% in 2008. UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 5 (www.timber-frame.org) The trend is also growing outside of the UK, in Ireland for example. This is endorsed by the following quote. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Timber frame homes currently account for 25% of new build homes in Irelandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (www.ramstowndevelopments.com) 2.0 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION Timber frame construction means that the weight-bearing walls are indeed timber panels. In other buildings this could be steel or blocks for example. These timber panels are made off site to an exact size and when they are required, they are simply transported by truck from the factory to the site. They can then be installed by men using pulleys and ropes or if the panels are too large and heavy- a small crane can be used to carry out this task. The panel itself is usually made up of solid timber- to take the load of the structure and this is sheathed usually by plywood or OSB- Oriented Strand Board, which is usually sourced from Scotland. These members ensure that the panel has suitable strength and is also rigid. Once the timber frame installation is complete, the external leaf of the building can then be installed. This can be brickwork or any form of cladding or a rendered finish. There are in fact two types of panels available- namely the Open Panel meaning the panel will be dry-lined after the insulation, vapour layer and services have been installed on site. The other panel is the Closed Panel and is this case this is all done in the factory. UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 11 (www.timber-frame.org) There have also been advances in the design of I-Joists in timber frame systems. There are now lighter I-Joists available but they have the greater strength and durability because the flanges are wider and the joist itself is not solid wood as has been the case in previous years- it can simply be plywood or OSB. PLATE 1; Image showing lightweight I-Joists, which are easier to handle but still strong enough to withstand the load being rested on it; due to the wide flanges. (www.framewiseltd.co.uk) 2.1 BALLOON FRAME There are actually two forms of timber frame construction. These are called Balloon Frame and Platform Frame. Balloon Frame has been superseded nowadays by Platform Frame but a brief outline is explained on both. The Balloon Frame form of construction simply means that the studs that make up the exterior wall are one long section which spans from the ground to the ceiling height of the top floor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A balloon frame consists of two-storey height panels with an intermediate floor suspended from the formwork.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Chudley and Greeno (2008, p.386) Problems are obvious with this form of construction; Fire can spread easier because of the large panels Large panels may be more difficult to find Large panels will also be more difficult to handle Heating bills could be higher because there is no insulation between a room and the exterior walls Drawbacks such as these mean that the Platform Frame is more popular and is used today in preference to the Balloon Frame. 2.2 PLATFORM FRAME As previously mentioned, this is the form of timber frame construction favoured today in the UK. It differs from the Balloon Frame, as the structure is built up floor by floor. Basic sequence of events would include; Engineer calculates out sizes required by looking at the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s drawings Materials ordered and prefabricated in factory Materials arrive on site- only as required Base of the structure is marked out Timber floor joists are lifted into place using a small crane Walls are erected and positioned on top of floor joists- again using a small crane Prefabricated roof is also positioned in by a crane on top of the wall panels Cavity barriers/fire stops are installed Felt and battens are applied to roof- structure is now watertight External layer can now be can applied as well as tiles or slates on the roof Internal services can now be installed   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   PLATE 2; Image showing a floor being lifted into position by crane (www.ramstowndevelopments.com) (sketch 2 drawings from page 171 of chudley greeno) 3.0 ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER FRAME Timber frame construction holds quite a few advantages over brick and block or steel frame construction; Quick to erect- can be completed faster than using brick and blocks as there is no need to wait for mortar to dry. Also, timber can still be installed in the rain; when brick or blocks canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t and is also not affected by the frost like mortar is. Easy to transport- panels, trussed roofs, timber floors etc are easily loaded on to a lorry and delivered on site as needed also ensuring the site isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t cluttered up with materials that are not yet needed. Easy for the Contractor to forecast the completion date of the project- the job will run on time easier and will not be delayed due to weather as wintry conditions can delay progress on site. Cleaner site- as everything is measured to specification; there will be very little material waste on site meaning more profits, less money spent on dumping waste in landfills and less chance of an injury also. Smooth and dry- the surface is easy to decorate and also easy to render. Better quality- as the frame is fabricated off site to meet Building Regulations; there is less chance of human error. Can be installed by small crane to meet a tight deadline or by workmen as a cheaper option. Extensions can easily be incorporated, as timber and plasterboard are easier to remove than blocks. Also easier to design a building to suit the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exact taste and possibly make a building unique form others. (www.trada.co.uk) Once the shell of the building is complete- this means it is watertight and the internal works can begin. It only takes around 5 days to achieve a watertight house. 3.1 THERMAL PERFORMANCE Timber is an excellent insulator and this in turn means that timber framed buildings store heat very well. This therefore leads heating bills being reduced, which in turn also means less fossil fuels are being used- be it oil for central heating or coal for a fire. How much money can be saved on heating bills varies and bold claims are made about this. It is hard to calculate because other factors need to be considered such as the specification of the building, the occupants of that building and so on. One timber frame company called Ramstown Developments claim that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Timber framing is an energy saving system that cuts an average of 33% off the annual cost of heating your home.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (www.ramstowndevelopments.com/) How accurate these figures are will be open to debate but there is little doubt that timber frame construction does have an advantage when it comes down to thermal performance. Many different timber frame companies exist and because of this they will specify the materials and construction and installation of the components slightly differently, thus giving slightly different results. However, the UK Timber Fame Association, who represents over 85% of UK timber frame manufacture states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Using a standard timber frame system achieves U-values between 0.30 and 0.27 using readily available and standard insulation- and using higher performance insulation and insulating breather membranes can boost these figures even more.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(www.timber-frame.org) The keyword in the aforementioned statement is standard- meaning this is the minimum level of thermal performance that can be expected, so obviously this can be improved upon by having a higher specification. One such company is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Scotframeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? who have designed a timber frame system which has a U-value of 0.11 which is very impressive when the U-value limit for walls in 1965 was actually 1.7. The system is a closed timber-framed panel, usually includes140mm  studs sheathed both sides with Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and factory filled with Polyurethane foam insulation. The internal side of the panel has a vapour control heat reflective membrane  and an air gap is created between this and the internal wall cladding to make a service zone.  The exterior side has a breathable waterproof membrane and 50mm of  polyurethane foam cavity insulation. To prove that these panels are indeed extremely thermally efficient- they have been tested by the National Physical Laboratory who confirmed a U-value of 0.11 W/m2K; when the external cladding is taken into account. This system can be installed without the cavity insulation- but as can be expected, the U-value results will not be as good. This system from Scotframe actually meets the meets the C02 targets which have been set at intervals of 2010, 2013 and 2016- at this stage. (www.scotframetimberengineering.co.uk/) PLATE 5; Image showing what the Scotframe system compromises of. (www.scotframetimberengineering.co.uk/) 3.2 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE Since timber frame performs so well in thermal performance, it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t very surprising to gather that it also performs well in the acoustic aspect also. This could be largely down to the fact that so many layers can absorb sound just like curtains and carpet absorbs sound better than an empty room with hard surfaces. In fact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BREs Case study TF2000 found that even a multi-storey project would out perform building regulations for acoustic insulation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(www.framewiseltd.co.uk) This statement therefore echoes these thoughts and actually emphasises that it more than satisfies Building Regulations. What is even more interesting is that this is not for a small cosy dwelling- it is actually in terms of a multi-storey structure. 3.3 FIRE PERFORMANCE Timber is more susceptible to fire than materials such as concrete, bricks, blocks or steel. This however, does not mean that timber frame structures are more of a fire hazard. Timber frame structures are more likely to be burnt down during the actually construction phase, when the installation is not complete. This could be due to an accidental fire starting on site or probably the more likely case of vandalism. The HSEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s figures of 11 fires each day in the construction industry advocates this theory. Fire Safety on Timber Frame Construction Sites, page 5 highlights this, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s annual UK fire statistics show that two thirds of fires in construction industry premises are started deliberately.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (www.timber-frame.org/) Fires that do start accidentally will not spread as easily once the installation has been complete, because the fire resistant plasterboard will see to this and also the external cladding will prove a difficult surface for the fire to engulf. There are of course ways in which the threat of fire can be minimised; Design out the need for hot-works, i.e. working with a blowtorch. If hot-works are required then that area should be monitored for 1 hour and again 2 ours later as a precaution. Keep the site tidy with no timber shavings or pieces of paper lying around, as these could start a fire easily (this of course would be good practice on any construction site) Ensure good site security to keep potential thieves and vandals at bay- again just like on any construction site. Fire Safety On Timber Frame Construction Sites page 10 (www.timber-frame.org) At this stage it should be stressed that timber frame construction is quick to install and because of this it is easy to reach a point when fire resistant materials are in place and the risk of fire is therefore greatly reduced. Also, cavity fire barriers will reduce the spread of fire. They are placed at openings in external walls, at corners, at each floor level, at eaves level, around pipes, cables etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is also worthy to mention that timber frame buildings do of course have to pass the relevant Building Regulations; as fire is a very serious matter. So if they satisfy these needs; they are as safe as any other form of construction in that aspect. 4.0 ENVIRONMENT Terms such as C02 emissions, global warming, carbon footprint and greenhouse gases are often the topic of conversation in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world. Everyone is being urged to think about the environment and the construction industry is probably under the microscope as much as any other sector. As mentioned previously one of the advantages of timber frame construction is that it reduces the effects of burning fossil fuels- such as oil or coal. This therefore means it also minimises the greenhouse effect as well. Unlike steel or concrete- there is no need for any manufacturing, refining or extracting as timber is natural. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Strength for strength, concrete uses 5 times (and steel uses 6 times) more energy to produce than timberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(www.timber-frame.org) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Overall C02 emissions for timber construction (the em-bodied carbon are up to six times lower than the emissions associated with masonry construction materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 19 (www.timber-frame.org) That statement may not hold much relevance until the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stance on this subject is made clear- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Come October 2010, the Government will slash the level of permissible CO2 emissions generated by new builds by 30%. There is a further reduction of 30% planned for 2013 and yet another of the same amount due to come in to force in 2016à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(www.scotframetimberengineering.co.uk/) This further proves just how big of a concern this matter is and that the Government are acting quickly and have very clear targets in mind for the future. Some timber frame companies are also trying to convey this message to the public, as advocated by Deeside timber frame- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Raise awareness of environmental issues with our customers, suppliers and staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is listed as one of their objectives regarding environmental matters. (www.deesidetimberframe.co.uk) Also, since timber is being sourced locally; in Europe and frequently in Scotland- it means there is no long journeys to transport the material overseas as can often be the case with steel when it is in short supply. 4.1 SUSTAINABILITY Timber is a very sustainable material. This is simply due to the fact that the timber comes from managed forests and for every tree that is cut down- two are planted to replace it. As well as this; the Government also introduced a scheme titled the Code for Sustainable Homes in 2006. UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 7 (www.timber-frame.org) To summarise, this basically states that the Government wants homes to be more energy efficient and that Level 3 is the basic standard expected in the average housing scheme, with this rising to a Level 6 for all new homes by 2016. Issues which affect what level the structure will be credited with depend on two things- how energy efficient the buildings fabric is and also how the material itself was sourced. Timber can achieve a good rating on both fronts because as previously mentioned; it is easy to source and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to be transported long distances and also timber frame buildings have a very good thermal performance and can reduce heating bills. 5.0 NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS AND OTHER PROJECTS It would be fair to say that when most people think of timber frame construction, they think of low rise buildings like domestic dwellings. However, timber frame buildings are not just bungalows and two storey houses. Timber frame buildings include hotels, student accommodation and such like. With Building Regulations always being updated and changed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Timber frame can currently go up to 18 metres within the current regulations. This has already allowed the construction of a 7 storey building in Bedminster in Bristol.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (www.timber-frame.org) Further examples of surprising projects include a primary school which has over 400 children in attendance. St Lukeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Primary School in the Wolverhampton area was actually completed in 16 weeks- which was 2 weeks ahead of schedule! It cost  £5.9m to construct and was given a rating of Excellent by BREEAM. This rating was of such a high standard that it is actually the first time it has been awarded to a building in Britain. (BREEAM is the BRE Environmental Assessment Method.) PATE 6; Image of St Lukeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CE Primary School, Blakenhall Gardens UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 26 (www.timber-frame.org) Other such projects include a NHS Adolescent Unit in Wales, where in this instance timber frame was ideal due to the fact that it was manufactured offsite and this meant less time onsite, making noise and disrupting the patients. A further example includes the theatre that was built on the Isle of Mull. Since this structure would be subject to winds and rain- it would be anticipated that steel or concrete would be the material of choice. However, cost of transporting these materials proved to be a huge factor, coupled with the fact that once again timber frame could be installed much quicker. PLATE 7; Image of the new timber frame theatre on Isle of Mull UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 26 (www.timber-frame.org) As well as these structures, timber frame prototypes have also been erected to improve our knowledge and findings on the performance of timber frame. One such prototype is the Kingspan Lighthouse which was designed and built to show how well timber frame would or would not perform when the structure was going to be an unorthodox shape. As with all buildings, small faults were found and good feedback was received on how improvements could be made. However, a Level 6 rating under the Code of Sustainable Homes was reached- even though this target doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to be achieved until 2016. PLATE 8; Image of Kingspan Lighthouse which achieved a Level 6 rating. UK timber frame association preview 2010 page 9 (www.timber-frame.org) 6.0 MOISTURE CONTENT All timber that is to be used for construction purposes will have a certain moisture content. Different timbers will have different moisture content depending on their use. For example, timber that is going to be used at junctions in the building where dampness could form will need to have a low moisture content. Kilns are used to dry timber out to a certain specification. Moisture content can be calculated by completing the following calculation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Moisture Content %= (wet weight)-(dry weight)/ dry weight x 100%à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Chudley and Greeno (2007, p.175) 6.1 THREAT OF ROT Rot spreading throughout a building is the nightmare of every client and builder, as it can cause unlimited damage and mean that in the extreme cases the building cannot be repaired. However, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dry timberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which is a timber with a moisture content of under 20%, is not at risk of decay. Lyons (2007, p.105) noted that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the reduction in water content to below 20% will arrest any incipient fungal decay, which can only commence above this critical level.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This should dispel any doubts that timber is very exposed to rot. Furthermore, the timber is also sprayed with necessary preservatives before installation to satisfy Building Regulation requirements. 7.0 CONCLUSION This report has briefly looked at how timber frame structures perform in numerous fields. It has also outlined how timber frame can be used in a variety of different structures- some of which many people would not associate timber frame construction with. It is therefore clear to see that this market will continue to grow, with the market possibly accelerating more so in Ireland in the near future. This is because Ireland is possibly the country which has the most room for growth in this sector, coupled with the fact that Scotland is nearby and would prove to be a very good source for timber. This report has also addressed concerns relating to timber and the perception many people still have about using timber in construction- such as fire hazards, risk of rot, unable to be used in multi-storey buildings; to name just a few. Once people are better educated and made more aware about using timber as the structure for buildings- then these myths will soon be dispersed. After all, as mentioned in the introduction; this form of construction is used in countries such as USA, Canada and Australia. It is of course the most popular form of construction used in the developed world- meaning it can handle the hot summers in Australia and also the windy wets nights and wintry conditions in Scotland. It has taken Britain and Ireland many years to adopt this practice and some will no doubt wish to never embrace timber frame construction. However, the old adage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the times are changingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? certainly springs to mind at this point. With the Government endorsing the use of timber frame and with environmental and sustainability concerns the topic of conversation on a regular basis- this definitely seems like the route to take. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Timber Frame is probably the biggest single advance in building methods in recent yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(www.walkertimbergroup.com) The above quote certainly is a bold one but with the facts in figures produced in this report; it is hard to argue against such a statement. 8.0 REFERENCES- Websites Source- UK timber frame association preview 2010 (pdf file) (www.timber-frame.org) [accessed 4th February] Source-Fire Safety on Timber Frame Construction Sites (pdf file) (www.timber-frame.org) https://www.ramstowndevelopments.com/index.php?id=47 [accessed 4th February] https://www.framewiseltd.co.uk/Systems/i-joists-the-simple-framing-system.html [accessed 4th February] https://www.trada.co.uk/techinfo/library/view/6BA4B8A2-79A8-451B-AB6F-474D37137B4F/Timber+frame+construction+-+an+outline/ar01s02.html [accessed 5th February] https://www.timber-frame.org/html/Building_And_Construction/Benefits_of_Timber_Frame/ [accessed 5th February] https://www.scotframetimberengineering.co.uk/ [accessed 5th February] https://www.deesidetimberframe.co.uk/environmental.htm [accessed 5th February] https://www.walkertimbergroup.com/walkertimber/products/products/timberframe1 [accessed 5th February] Books Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2008) Building Construction Handbook. 7th ed. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2007) Construction Technology. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited Lyons, A., (2007) Materials for Architects Builders. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.

Iron Jawed Angels Essays - 546 Words

Iron Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a film which portrays the womens suffrage movement during the 1920s. The film is a documentary and a drama which uses live action and music to deliver the sympathetic and distressful mood the film creates. An example of the distressful mood is when the suffragists refuse to eat when they go to prison. This shows how passionate and distressed the suffragists are to get the 19th amendment passed, which would give women the right to vote. The films message, which is the hardships and adversity women had to withstand to get the 19th amendment passed, is effectively portrayed because the struggle the suffragists faced is accurately and beautifully depicted. As a tool of communication, the strengths†¦show more content†¦The film Iron Jawed Angels tells the viewer about the women?s suffrage movement in the 1920s. It also tells the viewer that the United States, mostly men, was strongly opposed to women?s suffrage. The disturbing violence geared towards the wome n suffragists also shows the discontent of American men towards the movement. Unfortunately the women suffragists were thrown in prison for blocking traffic (an excuse because they were protesting outside of the White House) and were forced to work. The hatred and animosity which suffragists faced during the 1920s is also an accurate depiction of United States life during this time period. Some questions which were left unanswered by the film Iron Jawed Angels are who started the women?s suffrage movement and where the movement started. The information which can be gained from Iron Jawed Angels which could not be conveyed by a written source would be the brutality and harshness suffragist women faced during the 1920s. A written source could also not convey the passion and enthusiasm the women suffragists had. The central message of the film Iron Jawed Angels is that if one keeps on trying, eventually they will make some progress. The persistence of the women suffragists shows that even if all odds are against someone, they can still make a difference. I would recommend Iron Jawed Angels as a study tool because it accurate portrays the women?s suffrage movement in the 1920s.Show MoreRelatedIron Jawed Angels Essay640 Words   |  3 Pageswere seen working in factories or as teachers but they had no say in the government. Thanks to a few women dedicated to making a difference, women have become more independent and now have a say in the government if they choose too. The movie Iron Jawed Angels depicts a group of women who wanted women to have a voice in politics. First thing they had to do was get women the right to vote. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were the two leaders of the NWP (National Womans Party). The two women are an inspirationRead MoreEssay On The Iron Jawed Angels1418 Words   |  6 PagesEverything they worked hard for did not belong to them but to their father or husband. The fight started gradually until it grew stronger later in the 1900s. With the help of great leaders, they could be more powerful on a state-to-state basis. The Iron Jawed Angels is a movie that was released in 2004. It was set in the 1910s and focuses on the major flaw of women’s suffrage. Directed by Katja von Garneir, the drama film depicts two women activists, Alice Paul (Hilary Swank) and Lucy Burns (Frances O’ Connor)Read MoreIron Jawed Angels2588 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Summary, Reaction, and Analysis Paper #1: Iron-Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a story of two women fighting for women’s rights. They led the struggle for the passage of the 19th amendment to the constitution which gave women the right to vote. These two women along with others petitioned, campaigned, and picketed to publicize the issue. After being arrested for â€Å"traffic violations† a group of women spent time in Occoquan Workhouse. Here they went on a hunger strike to protestRead MoreIron Jawed Angels: Film Analysis1302 Words   |  5 PagesIron Jawed Angels is the moving 2004 film that highlights how Alice Paul and Lucy Burns fought for womens suffrage. In the film, director Katja von Garnier, follows these women and the efforts they put forth as members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and later the work they did as founders of the National Womans Party (NWP). The film showcases the trials that Alice Paul and Lucy Burns had to overcome, not just from opposition found within NAWSA, but also among societyRead MoreIron Jawed Angels Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesThis film was dramatic and inspiring. This film opened my eyes to understand the struggles that woman have gone through to get the freedoms that they experience today. I would have to say that one of the definite strengths of this film was the cast itself. Because of the nature of this film, I could get a real sense of the actual â€Å"suffering† of these women. I would have to admit that I was completely ignorant on how this suffrage movement has literally shaped the voting rights of women in AmericaRead MoreIron Jawed Angels By Katja Von Garnier1651 Words   |  7 Pages Iron Jawed Angels, by Katja von Garnier, is a non-fictional drama about a group of women who do everything they can and will do in order to the women’s right to vote during the years between 1912 and 1920, as it was started by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and many others in 1890. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, t wo of the younger women suffragists, join the NAWSA (the National American Woman Suffrage Association) to try to push for the constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage. CarrieRead MoreTime Periods Represented in The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels1318 Words   |  6 Pagessince then with the addition of not only color and audio, but new techniques and new ideas. Both The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels are very popular films about the early 1900’s. Although they share some common thoughts, but because they were made in two completely different time periods their focuses are far off from one another and their ideas contrast for the most part. Iron Jawed Angels is an HBO film that was released in 2004 about the American women’s suffrage movement. The movie is set in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Iron Jawed Angels By Martin Luther King Jr930 Words   |  4 Pagesamong black and white people. In Dr. Kings essay â€Å"Three ways of Responding to Oppression, he clearly states three ways to deal with oppression. Dr. King believed the best defense against oppression being that of nonviolent resistance. The film Iron Jawed Angels (IJA) is also great example of oppression with the struggle to women rights in the United States. Mr. King stated that there are three ways of oppression that oppressed people deal with, acquiescence, physical violence, and nonviolent resistanceRead MoreIron Jawed Angels : A Film That Portrays The Cruelty And Brutality Woman Faced1326 Words   |  6 PagesIron Jawed Angels is a film that portrays the cruelty and brutality woman faced throughout the Suffrage movement in the 1900s and the Women faced many issues, but some accepted inequality while others waited patiently as asked to for years. Alice Paul and Lucy burns took a stand and stroke up determination within women. Women who were a part of the movement were referred to as suffragists who stood up to the law and asked for the right to vote. They faced many obstacles such as verbal and physicalRead MoreEssay on Impossible is Nothing: One Woman, One Vote911 Words   |  4 Pagespresent information about wars and the passing of importance legislation, however there remains prominent gaps in our understanding of women suffrage for equality--a war that had been going on for half a century. Jennifer Friedess story Iron Jawed Angels produced by Katja von Garnier, underscores the struggle and grief that women suffragists endured, along with providing the viewer with an in-depth understanding of the events, consequences and heroic actions of the activists of the 1920s womens

Discuss Wharton’s presentation of the character development of Newland Archer Free Essays

The character of Newland Archer is presented in this passage through his meditations on a range of issues. The scene is set directly after an Archer family dinner with a friend, Sillerton Jackson. Archer’s reflections give us a glimpse into the way he thinks and the sort of person he is. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Wharton’s presentation of the character development of Newland Archer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initially we learn about Archer himself and his background, he is from a wealthy family, with ever â€Å"vigilant † servants, â€Å"bronze† statuettes and his own study. We can also see from the description of the study that he is cultured, intelligent and well read. The passage allows us to see a little of his history, especially of the tale of his romance with May Welland. Her â€Å"large photograph† has displaced all others on his table, signifying that she and no other is first in his affections. Archer’s view of their impending marriage is initially that he will be her â€Å"soul’s custodian†, showing that it will be a very traditional relationship, that she is naive compared to him, and that he must protect and enlighten her. He was taught that marriage to May would be like â€Å"safe anchorage† in life but he tells us his belief is changing, that he believes it may be like a â€Å"voyage on uncharted seas†. This clear nautical imagery lets us see how Archer is coming to doubt his previously unquestioned conventional beliefs – â€Å"old settled convictions† – and that it may be dangerous for him to go into this marriage so unprepared. He is moving on, intellectually, questioning what he once held firm. Archer’s attitude to his relationship with May is inextricably linked to his basic conventional traditional mindset. He sees himself and May as key players in a courtship ritual that they possibly could become stereotypical examples of people â€Å"linked by ignorance on the one side and hypocrisy on the other†. In a way he believes this is inevitable due to the society they both belong to, but it is not what he wants from marriage. He desires â€Å"passionate and tender comradeship† with May in their marriage; he loves her â€Å"sincerely†. However her attitude to her character shows that he does not fully understand her. He sees her as partly as an † artificial product† produced by her family, her up bringing, making her innocent and frank. He feels this is wrong that she has somehow been denied the right to be a full person, as she has been denied the experience of life, social, cultural and sexual, that he has been allowed to explore. He feels what has been created in her personality is false, but somehow we get the impression that this is something that has been hard for him to come across. He sees her as less than him intellectually, as she is not educated as he has been, in the arts and literature, and therefore senses her comprehension is less, when really it may just be her lack of exposure to his amount of learning. Newland Archer’s relationship with the women soon to be his cousin through his impending marriage to May, Ellen Olenska, is that this point in the novel, still slight. He knows her partially through acquaintance but mostly through gossip. The way he thinks of her as â€Å"Countess† shows the distance and formality between them and he does believe that she has done something reprehensible that requires â€Å"championship†. This shows that although he believes † Women should be free†, this will never really apply to New York standards and he resents the â€Å"coil of scandal† her arrival has placed him in. Her arrival and the talk surrounding it seems to have acted as a catalyst to his thought patterns, hinting of a deeper relationship to come. She is this woman with foreign ways who could be â€Å"free† as men are, and she makes Newland aware of the implications and reality of his betrothal. Newland Archer’s character development is presented throughout the passage as a struggle between what he did believe in and what he is coming to doubt the validity of through new experiences and thoughts. His attitude to society is important as it stands for his old conventional self, and his reactions to its dictates, especially on the theme of marriage, show how he is maturing and thinking independently. The imagery he uses to describe New York society are important, â€Å"conventions that tied things together and bound people down† – this rope imagery suggests the constricting nature of tradition and how it hods all subject to it captive. The irony betrayed by Edith Wharton’s’ tone in the presentation of the conscious thoughts of Newland Archer shows the slightly ridiculous nature of New York society. The situation Archer is in regarding his own defence of Countess Olenska is ironic, as he would be forced to condemn May should she ever behave similarly to her cousin. Another irony in the passage is the description of the state of typical New York high society marriages as having an â€Å"enviable ideal† when frankly they are in a pitiable state. Lefferts is described as the â€Å"high priest of form† when really he has no substance or true beliefs and is truly hypocritical, especially in regard to his treatment of Beaufort’s affairs. The behaviour of Mrs Welland’s simulated reluctance at the announcement of the engagement when really she expected it is sarcastically commented on showing the double standards between what is said and what is expected throughout New York society. Edith Wharton uses conflicting ideas within Newland Archer’s mind to effectively present a man who is changing and developing into a deeper way of thinking about his own life and society in general. How to cite Discuss Wharton’s presentation of the character development of Newland Archer, Papers

Dimensions of the Organizational Behavior-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss your view on the four key Dimensions of Political Skill 2.Use the concepts of transactional, transformational, charismatic, and authentic leaders to give examples of the leadership of Ingvar Kamprad (founder of IKEA) 3.What are the key leadership lessons provided by Kamprads experiences? 4.What skills would you Personally need to Develop or refine to become a Leader like Kamprad? Answers 1.The four dimensions of the organizational behavior are as follows: Social astuteness: The people who are blessed with political skills are shrewd and are at good at observing others. These people are very good at interpersonal skills and very skilled at understanding the behavior patterns of other individual. Networking ability: This is a useful skill where the individual can easily build good relationships with people of importance. This association is based on the benefits of the people within the organizations, which can be both personal and organizational. These alliances formed by the people are beneficial to them while working in the organization (Block, 2016). Interpersonal influence: The politically skilled people can easily influence other people with their strong opinion. This people are persuasive in nature and can alter their behavior for extracting the desired output Apparent sincerity: The people having political skills should portray that they are sincere and genuine otherwise they wont be able to influence other people. 2.The most suitable example of a charismatic leader is Ingvar Kamprad, which is seen when he leads the company from the front by setting examples for others. Kamprad is also aligned to the transformational leadership who provides motivation and displays confidence in his subordinates. He believes in democracy and likes to make his subordinates feel important. 3.Ingvar Kamprad is a magnetic leader and tries to can incorporate different styles of leadership qualities within him. Kamprad believes in self-introspection and he accepts his mistakes and weakness. This shows his humility, compassion and simplicity. He teaches how to respect others and how to gain respect from others. 4.An individual who wants to be leader like Ingvar Kamprad will have to be humble and simple. The individual will have to show equal respect to others and consider other people as important. The best leader leads from the front and so the individual will have to develop enough confidence to lead from the front (Nahavandi, 2016). References Block, P. (2016).The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson.

Theoretical Approaches to the Organizational Development

What is organization development? Organization development refers to a systematic and ongoing process of designing and implementing effective organizational change. It is also a scientific field of inquiry in which scholars study how best organizations can be developed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Approaches to the Organizational Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The underlying principle of organizational development is therefore the need to implement change in organizations and manage the change so as to achieve certain predetermined objectives (Cummings Worley, 2009, p.1). Theoretical approaches to organizational development Systems approach Most of the modern theoretical approaches to organizations are derived from the systems theory founded by Von Bertalanffy in 1951. It conceptualizes organizations as being composed of sub-systems which interact with each other for the co mmon good of organizations. Each sub-system is considered as being important for the success of the whole and therefore organizations need to be guided by mutual trust, harmony and a unity of purpose. Von Bertalanffy argued that each and every employee was unique and thus there was the need of treating them as such without any cultural stereotypes or prejudices (Burns Flam, 1987, p.381). The systems approach has affected the field of organizational development by making organizations understand that each part of the organization is important for the functioning of the whole. Through the approach, organizations have been able to integrate their various departments to operate in an interdependent manner, a situation which has seen the emergence of what is referred to as line or horizontal management. The harmonization of organizational departments has also led to the emergence of team work in many organizations. The Contingency Approach According to Burns and Stalker in an article ti tled â€Å"The Management of Innovation†, as quoted in the FAO Corporate Document Respiratory, it is not possible to have a universal approach to all situations and that different situations require different guidelines and modes of intervention.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations do not exist in a vacuum but rather exist in an environment which is characterized by social, cultural, economic, political and technical forces. In order for an organization to attain its objectives in an efficient and effective manner, it is good to consider the environments in which it exists and come up with strategies which match those environments, then cultivate an organizational culture which would enable it to thrive in those environments. The contingency approach has affected organizational development in that organizations have become more inclusive in the proc ess of decision making, which has seen employees have the permission to micromanage their work and come up with the best ways of performing their duties. The reason is that managements have realized that full control of employees may interfere with their productivity, which in turn negatively affects that of the organizations (Donaldson, 2001, p.5). Socio-Technical Theory According to Pasmore in an article titled â€Å"Designing Effective Organizations†, and as quoted in the FAO Corporate Document Respiratory, each and every organization comprises of the people, the environment and a technical system. The social system is composed of the employees while the technical system is composed of knowledge, tools and techniques used by the social system. According to Pasmore therefore, there is a need to maintain equilibrium between these subsystems so that organizations may be effective and efficient. The social technical theory has made organizations to integrate employees’ work with technology with a view of maximizing the available opportunities for attaining organizational goals and objectives (Thompson, 2003). Action research approach The approach conceptualizes organizational development as a product of a bottom up strategy to organizational improvement. The philosophy behind the action research approach is that any effective change must be based on evidence. The approach has its roots in Kurt Lewin, who is considered by many scholars as the father of organizational change and development.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Approaches to the Organizational Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lewin came up with what he called three stage theory which involves three stages or steps namely unfreezing, changing and freezing (Cummings Worley, 2009). The first step of unfreezing is about doing a cost benefit analysis about the proposed change and weighing whether the pros of the change outweighs the cons, then creating the necessary motivation for the change. This stage is therefore the preparatory stage and is very crucial because it determines the success of the change if effected. When employees are highly motivated to change, the resistance to change is minimized and vice versa (Cameron Green, 2009). The next stage is the change stage which is also known as the transition stage and involves implementing the change. This is the hardest stage in change implementation because employees are always reluctant to move out of their comfort zones despite any motivation (Burke, 2011). During this stage therefore, employees need to be guided and encouraged to undertake the change. The final stage is the freezing stage, which is also known as refreezing stage. During this stage, the organization has successfully sailed through the change process and is now leaving in a new dispensation. There is therefore the need of creating a new culture in the organization which is in line with the new organizational dispensation (Cummings Worley, 2009). Action research has affected organizational development in a variety of ways. In fact, it is the most popular approach in determining organization development in that many organizations actually base their changes on research. Through research, organizations are able to initiate changes based on data collection and analysis. Some usually develop strategic plans based on empirical data. Programs are also implemented through a rigorous process which is composed of base line surveys, monitoring and evaluation of the programs in an ongoing process. Forces which influenced the emergence of organizational development The social force The social force which influenced the emergence of organizational development was the shift from the classical management theories which viewed employees as robots to be operated by the managers to the human relations approach to management which views emp loyees as social beings with physical, emotional and psychological needs.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The shift brought the need for organizations to put in place fare employee practice which involves things like employee training, team work, flexible working and scholarships to the employees. Through this, organizations are able to improve the competencies of their employees thus leading to increased efficiency, effectiveness and productivity (Jones Brazzel, 2006). Political forces The political forces which led to the emergence of organizational development were the events of the World War II. Prior to the war, organizations largely relied on the scientific management theory by Taylor. Taylor’s theory was synonymous to colonization in that it viewed employees as laborers and the managers as all knowing elites with an all round knowledge virtually in all aspects of organizational processes, functioning and procedures. After the world war, nations of the world realized that collaboration with each other was far much better than elimination of rivals or competing ideologies. As a result, organizations realized that all stakeholders were important for their success. Managers therefore started embracing employee inputs by allowing them to be creative, innovative and flexible while discharging their duties. The result was increased productivity because some employees actually had unique talents, which made organizations improve their levels of attainment of objectives (Bradford Burke, 2005). Economic force The economic force which led to organizational development was the global recession of the 1980s, a period of poor economic performance characterized by low gross domestic product for countries, reduced productivity, less income for those working or doing business, inflation and high costs of living. The recession affected virtually all aspects of human life including organizations both in the public ad private sector. Due to the recession, organizations were forced to come up with strategies of cutting on operational costs. One way mostly adopted was t hat of training employees so as to enable them undertake various tasks within an organization. Interpersonal force Globalization is the interpersonal force which led to the emergence of organizational development. It can be defined as the minimization of the differences between people of the world and the maximization of their similarities through interactions, cooperation and communication. The advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the world into a global village. Through ICT and improved means of transport, people are more than ever able to do business with each other without any form of barriers (Scholte, 2005). Through globalization, organizations have found themselves opening new branches in other countries. Examples of such organizations which have used globalization as an aspect of development include Tesco in the United Kingdom and Wal- Mart stores in the United States. References Bradford, D. L., Burke, W. W. (Eds.). (2005). Reinvent ing organization development: New approaches to change in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. Burns, T.R., Flam, H. (1987). The shaping of social organization : social rule system theory with applications. London: Sage Publishers. P.381. Burke , W.W.(2011). Organisation change: theory and practice.(3rd Edn.). Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications. Cameron, E., Green, M.(2009). Making sense of change management : a complete guide to the models, tools techniques of organisational change. London: Philadelphia. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2009). Organization development and change (9th Edn.) Mason: OH, South-Western Cengage Learning. P.1. Donaldson, L. (2001). The contingency theory of organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage Publishers. P.5. Jones, B. B., Brazzel, M. (Eds.). (2006). The NTL handbook of organization development and change: Principles, practices, and perspectives. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalisation: A Critical Introduction, (2nd Edn.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, J.D. (2003). Organizations in action: social science bases of administrative theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. This research paper on Theoretical Approaches to the Organizational Development was written and submitted by user Kailyn Phillips to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stonewall Riots Essay Example

Stonewall Riots Essay Example Stonewall Riots Essay Stonewall Riots Essay The response was not immediate, and continues yet today. Many people in that community could not take their fights seriously. â€Å"It is tempting to tell the history of the gay rights movement as a history of laughteralternately anxious or derisive, mirthful or sardonicas who is laughing, and with what emotion, has changed very much, very quickly.† (Yoshino, 1, 2002) Many believed that homosexuality was a psychiatric mental disorder, and although this notion has lost its credibility, it still continues today. The Stonewall Riots gave the individuals the strength to fight back against what was occurring. â€Å"When the police raided the Stonewall Inn, gay patrons of the bar refused to go quietly. Barricading themselves in the bar, they alternately hurled out beer bottles and slogans like Gay Power. The riots did not last the week, and the mainstream press accorded them no great significance. Yet the riots imaginatively inaugurated the gay fights movement.† (Y oshino, 1, 2002) The Stonewall Riots paved the way for organizations to form, propelling the rights of homosexuals, where no one had dared to tread before. The Stonewall Riots â€Å"paved the way for other anti-passing events by making themselves visible in unprecedented ways. The riots called forth a new set of gay activist organizations, including the Gay Liberation Front, Radical Lesbians, and the Third World Gay Revolution.† (Yoshino, 1, 2002) No longer would these groups deny their sexual orientation, but proclaim it proudly. They conducted sit-ins in the offices of newspapers and magazines that purveyed demeaning images of homosexuals; they marched in the street to protest police harassment; they disrupted the conventions of psychiatrists who proclaimed them to be sick; they occupied campus buildings to win concessions from university administrators. (Yoshino, 1, 2002) The Stonewall Inn was a unique establishment that welcomed those who were not welcomed elsewhere. â€Å"When it was raided, they fought for it. They had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and open-minded gay place in town. (Cusac, 1, 1999) The Stonewall Inn created an atmosphere where everyone felt comfortable to be who they were and take pride in who they were. â€Å"On June 28, the drag queens and junkies and hustlers- Stonewall catered to a poor, underworld gay male communityfought back. The riot spilled out onto the street and continued intermittently for five days. That show of resolve gave birth to the Gay Liberation Front, led to the annual gay pride parade in New York (today the citys largest annual parade), and is widely credited with emboldening a generation of activists.† (Oppenheimer, 86, 1996) The Stonewall Riots demonstrate that sexual orientation has the ability to mark both personal identity and social divisions. â€Å"Sexual orientation has steadily been replacing religion as the identity characteristic that is both physically invisible and morally polarizing. In 1900, ones group identity was largely defined by ones ethnicity, social class, sex, and religion. The norm was Anglo-Saxon, middle-class, male, and Protestant. The Jew, Roman Catholic, or Jehovahs Witness was considered deviant and was subject to social, economic, and political discrimination. In 2000, ones group identity will be largely defined by ones race, income, sex, and sexual orientation. The norm will be white, middle-income, male, and heterosexual. The lesbian, gay man, or trans-gendered person will be considered deviant and will be subject to social, economic, and political discrimination.† (Eskridge, 1, 1997) The Stonewall Riots provided the opportunity for homosexuals to come out of the closet and be proud for doing so. â€Å"The Stonewall generation not only definitively associated coming out with the destruction of the closet, but also deepened and transformed the meaning of the particular phenomenon. Coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual now is viewed as telling outsiders, not just insiders, about ones sexual identity. It no longer is understood merely as a discrete personal discovery and expression of ones sexuality, but is now seen as a process of continual discovery and exploration made possible through liberation from the clichà ©s of compulsory heterosexuality. (Eskridge, 1, 1997)

Compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compliance - Essay Example Additionally, SOX might affect the company’s information systems that entail information security and IT organisation (Spears, 2009). SOX might define the executive’s accountability for IT irregularities and the need for modern information systems in the company. SOX may influence information systems at Wobbly Wheels (WW) Distribution Company. SOX issue may compel the executive, CFO to adopt a detailed finance and accounting system that will enhance the success of the accurate financials. SOX will influence the company’s route optimization and freight tracking system where the executive, CIO and CFO will offer freight origin and destination details. In addition, SOX compliance issue will advocate for the adoption of a detailed financial reporting process that entails WW’s daily financials thus affecting its management reporting system. The company can modify the systems to address SOX compliance issue by allocating more resources to information technology systems used in the management, distribution, and warehousing. The increased allocation will enhance improved accuracy in financial reporting. The company can also adopt modern technologies that will help in implementing standard auditing and accounting procedures and methods. The company should train its IT staff and support specialization to boost efficiency. Additionally, WW should secure its databases, minimize network outages, and reduce IT costs. Spears, J. L. (2009). How Has Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Affected Information Security?  Retrieved from: